Quiz 06/26/2022

A 7-year-old boy with no significant past medical history presents to the clinic after declining school performance and daydreaming. A routine EEG is performed and shown below (bipolar montage). Which of the following medications is the most appropriate first-line therapy?

An 18-year-old male presents to the ED after having his first generalized tonic-clonic seizure. MRI was unremarkable but a routine EEG showed 4-6 Hz polyspike and wave discharges in sleep. Which of the following antiepileptic drugs are most appropriate to start based on the available information?

A 6-year-old developmentally normal male presents after experiencing an episode of jerking of the right side of his mouth and inability to speak lasting 2 minutes. The patient is now back to baseline and has an EEG performed. Based on this clinical picture, which of the following abnormalities would you most expect to see on the EEG?

A 67-year-old woman with a past medical history of osteoporosis, hypertension, bipolar disorder, and a remote right MCA stroke is referred to the epilepsy clinic after experiencing her first epileptic seizure. An EEG has shown right temporal epileptiform discharges. Which of the following medications are most appropriate to start as initial therapy?

A 30-year-old woman with well-controlled epilepsy with lamotrigine monotherapy comes to the clinic today stating that she and her husband are planning to start a family. Which of the following statements is most correct regarding her clinical situation?

An 18-year-old woman with a history of symptomatic epilepsy presents with medically-refractory seizures. An MRI brain is performed during presurgical evaluation and reveals the non-contrast-enhancing lesion shown below on T2 FLAIR. This lesion is most likely which of the following?

A 54-year-old male with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation on warfarin is newly diagnosed with epilepsy. Of the following medications, which is the most appropriate anti-seizure medication to prescribe?

A 4-day-old full-term baby is brought to the hospital for two episodes of generalized stiffening and apnea for less than 1 minute followed by a return to baseline. The physical exam is unremarkable and CTH is negative. The mother reports having similar episodes shortly after birth. What is the most likely cause of the episodes?

The combination of lamotrigine and which of the following drugs increases the risk of lamotrigine toxicity?

A 4-month-old male with no significant past medical history was admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit with episodes concerning for possible seizures. The family has noticed that events tend to occur when the child is angry. One episode is captured during his stay. The first symptoms appreciated were excessive crying followed by loss of tone and a few myoclonic jerks for 20 seconds. The patient then rapidly returned to baseline thereafter. There were no epileptiform discharges seen during this episode. Based on the most likely diagnosis, what is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 42-year-old female with a history of epilepsy has an EEG performed while establishing care with a new provider. She admits to knowing very little about what type of epilepsy she has. A 10-second epoch of her study is shown below. Based on the available data, what medication should be avoided in the management of her epilepsy?

A 24-year-old male with no known past medical history experienced a first-time generalized tonic-clonic seizure while at work. She is now in the emergency room and back to her neurological baseline. Bloodwork was unremarkable. A routine EEG and MRI of the brain were normal. Which is the most appropriate next step in management?

Which of the following is most strongly associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure?

Which of the following is not a known side effect of chronic phenytoin use?

A patient with medically-refractory epilepsy has an MRI brain performed as part of their pre-surgical workup. Based on the imaging provided, what type of seizures is this patient most likely experiencing?

What is the mechanism of action of phenobarbital?

An 8-year-old patient with new-onset seizures has an MRI performed after seeing you in the clinic. Based on the lesion appreciated in the image, what seizure type does this patient most likely experience?

A 28-year-old woman of Chinese descent was recently diagnosed with focal/symptomatic epilepsy. Which of the following medications should best be avoided in the management of her epilepsy?

Deep brain stimulation has been FDA approved for the management of medically refractory epilepsy when it targets which of the following structures?

A 35-year-old male presents to the neurology clinic for the management of seizures. The patient reports having focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FTBTC) since the age of 15. His seizures are usually preceded by the smell of burning rubber. He will then have left hand automatisms followed by whole-body tonic-clonic activity. Levetiracetam monotherapy was initially effective. However, 1 year ago seizures returned, occurring once every two months. Lacosamide was added 6 months ago but there has been no significant improvement in his seizure frequency. Levels of these two anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are therapeutic and there have been no concerns regarding medication adherence. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A patient with an unclear history of epilepsy has an EEG performed. Based on the region of her epileptiform activity, what is the most likely semiology of her clinical seizures?

Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with carbamazepine use is more likely in patients with which of the following HLA alleles?

The pathology slide below is most consistent with which of the following disorders?

A 4-year-old girl with multiple seizure types and intellectual disability has an EEG performed that shows 1.5 Hz to 2.5 Hz spike and wave discharges. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the most common cause of focal clonic seizures in full-term neonates?

Which of the following is not a side effect of topiramate?

A 32-year-old Chinese male is referred to the epilepsy clinic after experiencing two episodes concerning for possible seizures. The first episode was unwitnessed, but the patient states that there was an abrupt loss of consciousness and that he woke up with the side of his tongue bitten and generalized myalgias. The second event was witnessed by his wife who noticed one day that the patient was unresponsive and lip-smacking for 2 minutes before returning back to baseline. MRI brain was performed and showed left-sided mesial temporal sclerosis. Which of the following medications should be avoided for this patient?

A 28-year-old woman with a history of intractable epilepsy presents to you for outpatient follow-up. She has been seizure-free on valproic acid and levetiracetam for the last 18 months. She reports a desire to become pregnant and asks if she has an increased risk of in-utero defects with her medications. Which of the following is the most appropriate answer to this question?

Which of the following seizure characteristics are typically seen in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?

A 24-year-old college student presents with uncontrolled epilepsy. His seizures consist of an aura of déjà vu followed by oral automatisms and periods of unresponsiveness. The neurological examination is normal. MRI of the brain is performed and shown below. What is the etiology of this patient’s epilepsy?

Which of the following medications is considered a first-line agent for the management of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A 34-year-old man with medically-refractory epilepsy has an MRI brain completed. The lesion shown (T2 sequence) does not enhance with contrast. If a surgical resection was performed, which of the following would be the most likely seen on pathologic analysis?

An 8-year-old boy with no significant past medical history is brought to the clinic due to difficulties in school. His mother states that over the past year, she has received multiple phone calls from his teacher about his lack of concentration in class. On multiple occasions when asked a question, the patient would blankly stare at the wall and ignore the teacher, but then would return to his normal, talkative self immediately after each episode. An EEG is ordered, which shows 3 Hz generalized spike and wave discharges. The patient would most likely benefit from a medication targeting what?

A 6-year-old girl presents to the clinic with frequent episodes of awakening from sleep in extreme fear. Sometimes she has a brief twitching of the limbs with this. She has these events in clusters on some nights, lasting seconds to minutes. On further questioning, you discover the mother had a similar problem when she was around this age, which slowly got better over time. Both patient and mother are otherwise healthy with no intellectual deficits or symptomatic features. Which of the following gene mutations do they both likely share?

You are caring for a 1-year-old girl with severe refractory epilepsy with frequent focal seizures. She had normal developmental until 3 months of age when she had seizure onset as well as a loss of milestones. Continuous EEG revealed multiple seizure types, with multiple foci of onset in each hemisphere. The seizures appear to migrate between hemispheres on EEG, and clinically. Which gene is most often associated with this disorder?

Which of the following anti-seizure medications carries the highest risk of major congenital malformations?

A 27-year-old man presents after having an unprovoked generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Which of the following should he be told regarding his clinical situation?

A 21-year-old woman with a past medical history of depression presents with recurrent episodes of out-of-body sensations lasting 30 seconds. This may be followed by 1-2 minutes of staring and unresponsiveness that she does not remember. She often remains confused for 10 minutes after an event. They occur 1-3 times every 2 weeks. An MRI brain is done and shows no pathology. Which test is the most diagnostically valuable next step in her workup?

A 32-year-old male with a longstanding history of epilepsy secondary to mesial temporal sclerosis returns to your clinic. Despite being on appropriate doses of levetiracetam and valproic acid he continues to have 20 partial seizures and 4 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per month. Which of the following is the next best step in his care?

A 7-year-old male with a history of multiple febrile seizures has recently presented repeatedly with new recurrent non-febrile clonic seizures. Which of the following gene mutations is associated with this epilepsy syndrome?

Which of the following antiepileptic drugs can induce myoclonic seizures?

A 40-year-old male with bilateral mesial sclerosis and medically refractory epilepsy presents to the epilepsy monitoring unit for a presurgical evaluation. His current anti-seizure medication regimen includes levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and clobazam. Over three days and weaned medication, the patient had 7 seizures; four from the left temporal lobe, and three from the right temporal lobe. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?

A 6-year-old male with a history of medically-refractory epilepsy (on three anti-seizure medications), and right-sided-hemiparesis, presents to the emergency room with a three-day history of continuous right facial twitching. Symptoms persist during sleep and have not responded to benzodiazepines. On examination, the patient has retained awareness despite the continuous facial movements. MRI brain was performed and shown below. Of the following, which is the most appropriate therapy to achieve seizure freedom?

Estrogen-containing oral contraceptive pills are known to reduce serum levels of which of the following medications?

The EEG pattern on this bipolar EEG recording is most consistent with which of the following epilepsy syndromes?

The following is a sample of gray matter stained with Anti-NeuN and viewed under a low-power microscope lens. The pathology marked by the blue arrow is most consistent with which of the following causes of epilepsy?

An 8-year-old girl is noted to have staring spells during class by her teacher. In the office, you are able to provoke an event by having her blow repeatedly into a pinwheel. What is the most likely underlying pathology of her disease?