Toxic / Metabolic

A 42-year-old man with a longstanding history of chronic alcohol abuse was found down unresponsive in a public park. He was intubated in the field and brought emergently to the emergency room here which blood alcohol level was 0.32%. A chest X-ray revealed aspiration pneumonia. He was admitted to the ICU, sedated, started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressively fluid resuscitated. On the second day of the hospitalization, the sedative was weaned but the patient remained comatose. An MRI was performed to identify a possible cause of his symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric neurology clinic with 4 months history of progressive dysarthria, ataxia, and abnormal limb movements. His mother says that the patient’s right side of the mouth seems to be pulled to the right and his left arm always seems to be pulled up towards his chest. An MRI was performed and shown below. What is the likely diagnosis?

A chronic alcoholic is admitted to the hospital for altered mental status. An MRI is performed and shown below. What symptoms/signs are most likely seen on examination?

A 21-year-old male with a history of cirrhosis, dysarthria, and personality changes was brought to the emergency room after experiencing a 20-minute episode of right-sided weakness. An MRI was performed to evaluate for a possible stroke. An axial cut of a FLAIR sequence is provided below. What is the likely diagnosis of the patient’s chronic illness?

A 62-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents with insidious onset of painless proximal muscle weakness and atrophy. CK is obtained and is normal. TSH is normal. Her medication list includes lisinopril, aspirin, and low dose daily prednisone. EMG shows short-duration motor unit potentials in the deltoids and quadriceps bilaterally. She undergoes muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis. What is most likely to be seen on biopsy?

A 45-year-old patient presented to the emergency room unresponsive. Emergency medical services noted that the patient was found in his garage with the car running in an apparent suicide attempt. Despite appropriate medical care, the patient passed away. An autopsy was performed. A gross pathology image is shown below. Identify the following regions marked by the white arrows.

Chronic exposure to which of the following medications can cause the pathology appreciated on the pathology slide below?

A 58-year-old male with a prolonged history of MG was recently discharged 4 months ago from the hospital with his second myasthenic crisis requiring transient intubation. Since that hospitalization, he was on prednisone, tapered down to 40 mg a day, cyclosporine, and pyridostigmine. He comes to the ED today after having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. On arrival to the ED, the patient is post-ictal and has vision deficits on exam. MRI shows T2 hyperintensities on the posterior cerebral hemispheres. Which of the following is the likely etiology of the clinical presentation?

A 38-year-old woman with a history of gastric bypass begins taking over the counter supplements that are intended to promote hair and nail health. After several months, she begins to experience paresthesias in her legs and has several falls. She is referred to a neurologist. On examination, she is noted to have a non-length dependent severe loss of vibration sensation in her legs, loss of pain and temperature distally in a length-dependent pattern, and spastic tone with hyperreflexia in her lower extremities. Additionally, her gait is wide-based and Romberg’s sign is present. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prevent further neurologic deterioration?

A 7-day-old infant is in the hospital since birth, when he starts having seizures. He has been feeding poorly thus far. On examination, he has hypotonia, as well as distinctive facial features of midface hypoplasia, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, and a prominent high forehead. The metabolic testing panel returns with elevated very-long-chain fatty acids. What is the physiology of this disorder?

A 6-year-old patient presents with decline in neurologic function with ataxia, optic atrophy, spastic tetraparesis, and cognitive decline. MRI shows diffuse white matter demyelination with sparing of the U fibers. Which of the following laboratory tests is most likely to diagnose this problem?

A 69-year-old man with HTN, CKD, HLD, tension headaches, and gout presents for 6 months of slowly progressive weakness. He has trouble rising from a chair without assistance and lifting objects above his head. On sensory exam, you note a bilateral symmetric loss of proprioception, vibration, and light touch in the feet and distal lower legs. He brings with him an EMG/NCS report from last week from an outside provider. It shows a length-dependent axonal neuropathy, as well as early recruitment and low amplitude action potentials on EMG of the proximal muscles. Serum CK is obtained and 3200. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his problem?

You are caring for a 1-month-old infant in the neonatal ICU with abnormal movements since birth. The baby is seen writhing in bed, with her arms and legs and axial trunk moving in a snake-like pattern. A CT head is done and shows bilateral cystic lesions on the basal ganglia. Toxic levels of which of the following are most likely at play?

Which of the following is most likely to cause the pathology seen in the image below (white arrow)?

A 42-year-old welder complains of a one-year history of progressive resting tremor, shuffling gait, and drooling. He consults a physician because of frequent falls and worsening fatigue. A diagnosis of a particular type of metal toxicity was made and treatment is started. Which of the following would most likely be found if an MRI brain if ordered?

A 37-year-old woman with a history of chronic alcoholism and amphetamine abuse presents to the ED with a 36-hour history of recurrent hematemesis and abdominal pain. She had no detectible ethanol levels in her blood on arrival. In the ED she complains of double vision and is started on intravenous fluid replacement. Two hours later the patient begins to develop ataxia and becomes progressively disoriented. The patient’s rapid deterioration is most likely due to which condition?

A 33-year-old industrial worker presents to the ED complaining of sudden onset nausea, bilateral headache, dyspnea, confusion, and eye irritation. His skin is flushed on physical exam. He states he forgot to wear protective equipment (mask, gloves) while working. A T2 flair MRI of the brain is shown. Exposure to which of the following substances is likely?

An 8-month boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents with the chief complaint of muscle weakness and poor feeding. The boy’s parents recently emigrated from Latin America where they didn’t have good access to medical care. Physical examination is concerning for hepatomegaly and hypotonia. A muscle biopsy was completed and shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?

The imaging shown below is most consistent with which of the following diseases?

A 7-month-old girl with a past medical history of hypotonia, weight loss, and failure to thrive is brought to the clinic by her parents. An MRI was performed and T2 sequence images from this study are shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is due to a deficiency of which of the following enzymes?

Patients with Krabbe disease have a pathologic accumulation of which of the following?

Neimann-Pick disease occurs due to a mutation of which of the following enzymes?

A 20-year-old man with a history of poorly controlled schizophrenia was admitted to the hospital by his parents for severe bizarre hallucinations. He informed the nursing staff that there were toxins in his body that needed to be flushed out and continuously asked for water. There was a concern for psychogenic polydipsia. Over the next two days, the patient was started on haloperidol, a fluid-restricted diet, and normal saline infusions. On the second day of hospitalization, the patient developed progressive confusion and gait instability. A brain MRI was performed and is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of his symptoms?