pedia neuro

A 17-month male was brought to the pediatric neurology clinic was brought to the clinic with concerns for developmental delay. Parents note that the child was a product of a normal pregnancy and his delivery was uncomplicated. A developmental delay was appreciated by 8 months of age. He is largely non-verbal. He appears happy in the room, laughing spontaneously without any external stimuli. Which of the following abnormalities most likely explains this developmental disorder?

The abnormalities appreciated on the MRI below are due to a defect in which of the following processes?

What is a common comorbid issue seen in newborns with the vascular abnormality appreciated in the imaging provided?

A two-week-old, full-term female with an uncomplicated delivery is brought to the clinic with abnormal jerky movements. Her father states that episodes occur right after the patient is put down for a nap, last for roughly 3 minutes, and resolve with arousal. During the episodes, the patient has rapid, repetitive myoclonic movements of her upper limbs. The physical exam is unremarkable. The patient was admitted to the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit where a typical event was captured and had no EEG correlate. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Axial T2 (left) and T1 (right) brain MRI images of a 3-month-old with a history of seizures and developmental delay are displayed below. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the pathology shown?

A 22-month-old girl presents with her mother for abnormal movements and loss of milestones. The mother describes the patient frequently and repetitively squeezes and twists her hands, and has lost some of her developmental milestones including fine motor skills and verbal speech. She has stopped walking as well. On examination of growth curves, her head circumference percentile appears to have fallen off of the curve. The patient has no other past medical problems, no past trauma, or past infections, and had been developing normally up until now. Of the following, which is most likely true?

The anatomical structure identified in the image below (blue arrow) derives from which of the following embryonic tissues?

An 11-month-old male is brought to the emergency room with agitation, fever, and nuchal rigidity. A review of the patient’s electronic medical record shows that the patient was admitted with meningitis 2 months ago. While no clear focal neurological symptoms were appreciated on examination, there was a midline dimple appreciated in the lumbosacral region. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the patient’s recurrent illness?

A 1-year-old female with a past medical history of iron deficiency anemia presents to your clinic with her mother for recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness. Her mother states that whenever she gets very agitated and starts crying, her lips turn blue and she will ”pass out.” She will then awaken after a few seconds. Her neurological exam is normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her episodes?

Identify the pathological abnormality shown in the image below.

A 3-year-old male with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was referred to neurology by his PCP for concern of a genetic disorder. On examination, the patient appears to have a long face, large ears, and a prominent jaw. Genetic testing shows that the patient has a pathologic gene mutation with over 200 trinucleotide CGG repeats. Which of the following is a comorbidity appreciated in this patient’s neurologic syndrome?

Which of the following issues in early development has occurred in the photograph below?

A full-term male is having a routine awake and sleep EEG performed because of episodes concerning for possible seizures. These episodes were first noticed four days after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. On the video EEG recording, you notice a violent jerking of the limbs followed by sustained stiffening after a phone rings loudly in the room. What is the most likely diagnosis?

In normal neonatal development, which of the following structures myelinates the latest?

Motor unit action potential (MUAP) conduction velocities of a newborn are what percentage of an adult?