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A 62-year-old woman presents to your clinic with complaints of dizziness. She states that about 2 weeks ago she had some dental work done including a root canal, and ever since then has had spells of extreme dizziness. She describes that the room spins and she becomes sick to her stomach. The sensation is improved by sitting very still. It completely resolves in between episodes, and episodes happen about once or twice a day. She noticed that it happens consistently when she tries to back out of the driveway in the early morning. She had a CT head one day ago that was read as normal. On exam, she has inducible nystagmus. The otoscopic exam is normal. Which of the following is the most accurate statement?
A 59-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with dizziness and left ear fullness. The symptom is described as a spinning sensation that is present at rest and with action. She has had comparable events before, which have self-resolved over time. The patient is ataxic on the exam and has difficulty hearing out of her left ear. An MRI brain with and without contrast was normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate line of therapy that will decrease the risk of future recurrent events?
Bilateral exotropia is typically seen with which of the following lesions?
A 24-year-old weight-lifter presents after sudden-onset neck pain. On exam, there is right eye ptosis and asymmetric right pupil constriction. Additionally, the patient appreciated decreased sweat production on the right side of his face. 1% hydroxyamphetamine eye drops are administered to the right eye and it dilates. Where is the most likely site of the patient’s lesion?
Which of the following is characteristic of a left internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
A 45-year-old patient presents with complaints of new-onset double vision. On the general neurologic exam, you note the patient tilts their head to the left. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most common underlying pathologic cause of this issue?
A 27-year-old woman presents with recurrent episodes of tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss. She denies any associated headaches. Episodes typically last between 2 and 6 hours in duration. MRI of the brain with and without contrast did not reveal any pathology. Physical examination is unremarkable except for sensorineural hearing loss appreciated in the right ear. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Which of the following is the relay center for hearing?
Which of the following is the thalamic relay center for auditory stimuli?
A 56-year-old woman with recent open-heart surgery develops sudden onset, painless right eye vision loss. On funduscopic examination, the optic disc appears swollen and pale. No other significant findings were appreciated on the funduscopic exam. Damage to which of the following structures is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?
A 25-year-old female presents with anisocoria; her right eye is significantly more dilated when compared to the left eye in ambient light. The right pupil is also irregular in shape, does not respond to light, and is sluggish to constrict to near accommodation. When dilute pilocarpine (0.125%) is administered to the right pupil it constricts but the left eye doesn’t react at all.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patients’ symptoms?
A 35-year-old male presented for sudden onset painless central vision loss. An outside hospital emergency room physician suggested he may have had a CRAO, but recommended immediate ophthalmology outpatient evaluation. The patient was unfortunately lost to follow-up for a few months. He presents today due to a sudden onset of central vision loss in the other eye.
On your ophthalmologic exam, you note hyperemic optic nerve and tortuous central retinal vessels, without evidence of vessel cutoff. He has a central scotoma bilaterally, with peripheral vision intact. He has red color desaturation as well. MRI brain w/ and w/o contrast with fat suppression and thin cuts through the orbits is performed, and normal.
This disorder is caused by which of the following pathologic processes?
A 65-year-old female presents to the clinic with painless double vision that started abruptly 5 days ago. On exam, pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light bilaterally. On extraocular muscle testing, the left eye has a normal range of motion but the right eye is unable to adduct or elevate. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?
Which of the following findings on a Head-Impulse-Nystagmus-Test-of-Skew (HINTS) test is consistent with central vertigo?